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Epilepsy - Symptoms & Causes
Epilepsy is a neurological condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It's characterised by recurrent seizures, which are brief episodes of involuntary movement, abnormal sensations, or altered consciousness. Seizures can vary greatly from person to person, and some people may also experience changes in mood or behaviour before or after a seizure.
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Epilepsy Symptoms
Epilepsy is generally characterised by seizures. A seizure is a brief and temporary disruption of normal brain functions caused by a sudden surge of electrical activities in the brain. Seizures affect people in different ways, depending on which part of the brain is affected and the type of seizure and its intensity.
Common symptoms and warning signs of epileptic seizures include:
Loss of consciousness
Jerking of the arms and legs
Spasms, stiffness, or tingling sensation in certain muscles
Rapid eye movement and blinking
Blank staring spell
Uncontrolled head nodding/shaking
Confusion
Breathing problems
Unusual smells or tastes
Loss of bowel or bladder control
Feelings of anxiety, fear, or déjà vu
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What Causes Epilepsy
About half of all epilepsy cases have no identifiable cause. The other half can be traced to various factors, such as.
Genetics
Some types of epilepsy are linked to certain genetic traits, both acquired and hereditary.
Brain injury
Traumatic or physiological brain injuries can lead to the onset of epileptic seizures.
Infections
TORCHes (toxoplasmosis, rubella cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, and HIV), neurocysticercosis, cerebral malaria, and meningitis can cause epilepsy.
Conditions in the brain
Structural or blood circulation abnormalities in the brain can trigger seizures.
Brain tumours
Tumours in the brain, either cancerous or benign, can be a source of epileptic seizures.
Developmental disorders
People with developmental conditions such as autism and ADHD are more likely to develop epilepsy.
Congenital issues
If a baby develops brain malformations, gets starved of oxygen, or sustains a brain injury during birth, they may develop childhood epilepsy.